I had the honour to speak on the Shifting Privacy Left Podcast, about what it means to be a privacy engineer and other privacy topics.
Category: Uncategorized
Modelling imperfect knowledge via location semantics for realistic privacy risks estimation in trajectory data
A new paper appeared on Scientific Reports (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-03762-2).
In this paper, titled “Modelling imperfect knowledge via location semantics for realistic privacy risks estimation in trajectory data” we propose a privacy risk estimation framework that builds on the semantic context associated to location data. By moving away from the assumption that adversaries have perfect knowledge, we can obtain realistic risk estimates and optimize the trade-off between privacy and utility.
My work earned a Honorable Mention in the First-Ever FPF Award for Research Data Stewardship
My work on anonymized location-data sharing was awarded a honorable mention in the first-ever Award for Research Data Stewardship by Future of Privacy Forum (FPF). A big thank you to the colleagues of HERE Privacy Services and of the Spatial Data Center of Excellence at HERE, as well as the academic partners, that made this possible.
My work was part of a collaboration with researchers at Aeres University of Applied Science and the University of Liverpool, to which we provided anonymized mobility data from millions of vehicles to facilitate research on commuter behavior and movement in urban environments.
The data that was shared with researchers was not the raw data, but rather a dataset that was derived from the original data with high similarity and similar formatting. Researchers were not provided with direct access to any non-anonymized data throughout the process.
Paper highlighted on Plos Complexity Channel
The paper “How learning can change the course of evolution” has been highlighted on Plos Complexity Channel
PhD Thesis: Machine learning for autonomous privacy preservation in participatory sensing and smart cities
Available at https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000302965
Volunteers in the Smart City: Comparison of Contribution Strategies on Human-Centered Measures
Provision of smart city services often relies on users contribution, e.g., of data, which can be costly for the users in terms of privacy. Privacy risks, as well as unfair distribution of benefits to the users, should be minimized as they undermine user participation, which is crucial for the success of smart city applications. This paper investigates privacy, fairness, and social welfare in smart city applications by means of computer simulations grounded on real-world data, i.e., smart meter readings and participatory sensing. We generalize the use of public good theory as a model for resource management in smart city applications, by proposing a design principle that is applicable across application scenarios, where provision of a service depends on user contributions. We verify its applicability by showing its implementation in two scenarios: smart grid and traffic congestion information system. Following this design principle, we evaluate different classes of algorithms for resource management, with respect to human-centered measures, i.e., privacy, fairness and social welfare, and identify algorithm-specific trade-offs that are scenario independent. These results could be of interest to smart city application designers to choose a suitable algorithm given a scenario-specific set of requirements, and to users to choose a service based on an algorithm that matches their privacy preferences.
Keywords: Participatory sensing; smart cities; public good; privacy; fairness
How intelligence can change the course of evolution.
The question of whether learning has an effect on the evolutionary process sparked plenty of research in the fields of Biology and Machine Learning. After more than 100 years of discussion, the consensus is that learning influences the speed of evolutionary convergence to a specific genetic configuration.
Our work looks at the same question in dynamic environments where the optimal behavior changes cyclically between different configurations, thus agents never stop adapting.
We find that in this situation evolution alone favors agents that specialize to a specific configuration, while the combination of evolution and learning prevents specialized strategies to evolve. This result demonstrates that learning does not only influence the speed but also the outcome of evolution.
This work is relevant for the fields of Biology and Machine Learning, as it demonstrates a new effect that we hope will start a new thread of research.
Furthermore, our results might extend to other cyclically-changing contexts in other fields, for example opinion formation and polarization.
Keywords: Baldwin effect, Foraging, Specialist, Generalist, Environmental variability, Evolution, Agent-based modeling, Learning, Neural network, Reinforcement learning
On the Role of Collective Sensing and Evolution in Group Formation.
This work addresses the question of whether collective sensing allows for the emergence of groups from a population of individuals without predetermined behaviors. Experiments are run in an agent-based evolutionary model of a foraging task, where the fitness of the agents depends on their foraging strategy. Agents compete for the same limited resources and neither the environment nor inter-group dynamics benefit groups over individuals. The foraging strategy of agents is determined by a model-free neural network, which leaves agent behavior unrestricted.
Experiments demonstrate that gregarious behavior is not the evolutionary-fittest strategy if resources are abundant, thus invalidating previous findings in a specific region of the parameter space. In other words, resource scarcity makes gregarious behavior so valuable as to make up for the increased competition over the few available resources. This result is obtained with a model-free approach which allows evolution to select from an unconstrained set of behavioral models. Furthermore, it is shown that a population of solitary agents can evolve gregarious behavior in response to a sudden scarcity of resources, thus individuating a possible mechanism that leads to gregarious behavior in nature.
Keywords: Collective Sensing, Foraging, Group Behavior, Neural Networks
Privacy-enhancing Aggregation of Internet of Things Data via Sensors Grouping.
Big data collection practices using Internet of Things (IoT) pervasive technologies are often privacy-intrusive and result in surveillance, profiling, and discriminatory actions over citizens that in turn undermine the participation of citizens to the development of sustainable smart cities. Nevertheless, real-time data analytics and aggregate information open up tremendous opportunities for managing and regulating smart city infrastructures in a more efficient and sustainable way.
The privacy-enhancing aggregation of distributed sensor data such as residential energy consumption or traffic information, is the research focus and challenge tackled in this paper. A baseline scenario is considered in which IoT sensor data are shared directly with an untrustworthy central aggregator. Citizens have the option to choose their privacy level by reducing the quality of the shared data at a cost of a lower accuracy in data analytics services.
A grouping mechanism is introduced that improves privacy by sharing data aggregated first at a group level compared to a baseline scenario in which each individual shares data directly to the central aggregator. Group-level aggregation obfuscates sensor data of individuals, in a similar fashion as differential privacy and homomorphic encryption schemes, thus inference of privacy-sensitive information from single sensors becomes computationally harder compared to the baseline scenario, while accuracy is preserved. Furthermore, if groups are large enough, privacy improves independently of the individual’s privacy choices. Intergroup effects such as the influence of individual choices on privacy of other group members are studied. Finally, several grouping strategies are evaluated and compared using real-world data from two smart city pilot projects. Implications for the design of incentive mechanisms are discussed.
Keywords: Privacy, Internet of Things, Smart City, Network, Sensor, Grouping, Agent, Aggregation